Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) has been sweeping parts of Sri Lanka in recent years, mainly affecting farmers in the North Central Province, but also in the Northern Province, the Eastern Province, the North Western Province, the Uva Province and the Central Province.

Controlling the quality of irrigation water is important for crop and plant growth. Water quality can be monitored in situ using an ion-selective electrode (ISE) array with suitable data processing algorithms.